Porters generic strategies

Introduction Porter’s generic strategies were designed to explain how firms achieve competitive advantage. Numerous industries have applied the three generic approaches, and thus illustrated that Porter’s model was accurate in explaining how firms become successful in their industries. Nonetheless, a few exceptions do exist.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Porter’s generic strategies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Explanation of the model Firms may adopt one of three generic strategies: cost leadership, differentiation or focus. Cost leaders are organisations that sell their goods or services at the lowest price in their industries. Companies can become cost leaders by acquiring and continually investing in capital so as to create or sustain a large market share. High capital investments also create large economies of scale that allow firms to minimise unit costs of production. As a result, these businesses can pass on production savings to their consumers through low prices. They need to keep up with the latest developments in technology in order to control process-related expenses. Many cost leaders also have closely monitored overhead. They tend to reduce labour costs through commission-based pay. Others can negotiate low prices for raw materials with their suppliers. Organisations may choose cost leadership because it can protect them against powerful buyers and suppliers. Furthermore, it hampers potential entrants from entering the market because they cannot match their economies of scale. The differentiation strategy refers to provision of unique services or products to one’s clients. Some organisations may achieve differentiation through addition of certain qualities in their products. Others may simply work on brand perception while some may dwell on product design. Even the use of technology can become a source of differentiation. Companies may choose such a strategy because it allows them to enjoy high profit margins. Customers tend to be loyal to differentiated firms, so they hardly pay attention to price adjustments among competitors. Differentiation also reduces buyers’ choices hence their power over the concerned firm. In order to achieve this feat, companies need to invest heavily in research and development. They should also market their services or products effectively. In other words, they need to communicate to consumers the exceptional qualities of their products. Differentiated firms ought to have a fixed pay structure that enhances employee loyalty. Innovation and creativity are central features of this strategy. However, businesses in this category do not enjoy a large market share because the strategy focuses on exclusivity.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The last approach is called the focus strate gy. Here, a company tailors its products or services to one market group. It can select a particular market segment on the basis of its geographical location, product preference or demographic factors. In this category, organisations can either be cost-focus strategists or differentiation-focus strategists. When they select one of the latter, then they can create competitive advantage in their industry. Porter (1980) explained that firms cannot select a hybrid of the three strategies and still be successful. The generic strategies are contradictory in nature, so trying to implement more than one of them would cause firms to be stuck in the middle. For instance a company that wants to pursue both cost leadership and differentiation would need to cut down on overhead, but still invest in research and development. Achieving these two objectives simultaneously would be close to impossible. Such firms have to contend with low profits because they lack the features needed to compete with low cost competitors or differentiated organisations. They also confuse customers who cannot identify one distinct feature about them. Unless a company employs different generic strategies across very separate and distinct business units, then it would not succeed in using a hybrid model. Application of Porter’s generic strategies in various industries Companies in the hotel industry have applied Porter’s generic strategies successfully and those who have not have ended up recording immense losses (Bordean et al. 2010). In the hospitality industry, companies achieve cost leadership by offering only basic services. They focus on attracting a large market segment by keeping their rooms inexpensive. Perhaps one of the most popular strategies pursued in the hotel industry is differentiation. Companies may provide unique services such as wifi access, transportation from the airport, superior room furnishing and many more to create value. They eventually let travellers and v isitors know that their services are superior, which leads to business success. In the hospitality industry, most firms choose to pursue a differentiation focus strategy rather than a cost focus strategy because it is difficult to meet the needs of a certain market segment without some form of differentiation. Some hotels have achieved this through focus on elite clientele, married couples or Islamic clients. Bordean et al (2010) carried out an analysis of the Romanian hotel industry by administering questionnaires to 69 hotels in the country. They had 26 strategic practices that participants needed to select. These findings would then be classified as cost leadership, differentiation or focus strategies.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Porter’s generic strategies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The researchers found that several hotels utilised the differentiation strategy through brand identification, superior staff experiences as well as provision of certain technological advantages. They also found that others used the focus strategy by offering speciality services and establishing a strong reputation of excellence in the industry. Cost leadership was not found to be a strong strategy among most hotels because clients frowned upon cost-cutting measures. In essence, these findings support Porter’s assertions concerning the unfeasibility of hybrid approaches. Various industries have different manifestations of the three generic strategies because of the inherent characteristics within them. As described earlier, the hospitability industry rarely has firms that pursue cost leadership because of the nature of demand in that sector. However, other industries may be more inclined to cost leadership than others. Alternatively, they may depict differentiation strategies in different ways from other service industries. One such case is the health service industry. Lamont et al. ( 1993) found that differentiation in hospitals occurs through use of technologically sophisticated services, expansion of the nature of services offered and provision of rare services. For instance, hospitals with cardiac catheterisation laboratories and lithotripters are differentiated through the use of technological sophistication. Hospitals with rare services include those one that provide alcoholism services, birthing rooms or burn care. Conversely, hospitals may also pursue cost leadership by cutting down on their expenses. If the total operational costs per bed and the salary adjusted for each patient is low, then one ought to classify that hospital as a low cost facility. When Lamont et al. (1993) measured the financial performance of all hospitals (total margin and net operational revenue); they found that muddling organisations were the least profitable. These were companies who neither had low cost strategies or differentiation. Experts suggest that differentiated hospital s are better suited to discontinuous environment because differentiators give customers unique service. They use new technologies or foresee customer reactions and tailor services to meet those new needs. In a dynamic environment where factors alter frequently, hospitals pursing a differentiation strategy will be better able to cope with unpredictable occurrences. Cost leaders, on the other hand, thrive in predictable environments.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A dynamic environment creates diseconomies of scale and undermines attempts at cost control or efficiency. Furthermore, if the institution’s environment changes then the institution should consider changing its generic strategy. In the healthcare industry, firms’ strategic options are not curved in stone. They can be oriented to fit their environment. However, if a hospital already has a proper organisation-environment fit, then there is not need to alter its Porter generic strategy. Torgovicky et al. (2005) also carried out a study in the healthcare industry. They collected performance data from the Israeli ambulatory health care system, and compared this with the generic strategies pursued by the different businesses. It was found that organisations that did not fall neatly into any of the three categories were not financially viable. These findings further supported the assertions made by Porter. In the airline industry, one can also find instances of the Porter gen eric strategic models across the board. Cost leaders work by offering no frills; they only provide standard services. A good example of such an airline is Britain’s Easy Jet. The company merely provides clients with a seat and leg room, and thus cuts down on costs. It then eliminates the need to charge customers for any extra features. The strategy has built a large market share for the company and this has also increased its high income streams. Differentiators in the airline industry aim at providing additional features such as a diverse and satisfying menus, strong customer service and personal television viewing. Focus strategies in the airline industry are manifested through various ways. Some may dwell on offering differentiated flights in small airports. Alternatively, others may choose to fly to local destinations and may offer their services as low costs (Peters 2008). Several consumers in the airline industry will not pay high prices for short-distance flights. Cons equently, cost leaders have taken advantage of this situation and dominated short-distance flights. Some airlines have suffered tremendously owing to poor application of the Porter generic strategies. British Airways recorded losses of approximately 300 million pounds owing to its insistence on offering frills in short distance flights. One may liken frills to differentiation generic strategies because consumers must pay more for certain in-flight perks. Conversely, short distance flights may be likened to the cost leadership strategy. Therefore, British Airways was trying to pursue two simultaneous strategies in this business unit, and failed dramatically. The company has since learnt that the two approaches should be separated in order to foster financial sustainability. Perhaps one of the most obvious depictions of Porter’s generic strategies is the basic industrial goods sector, such as steel making (Bennet Cooper 1979). It is preferable to employ cost leadership strateg ies in this sector owing to a number of reasons. First, the steel industry has minimal opportunities for differentiation. The goods being prepared are quite basic and will eventually be used to make other commodities. Therefore, organisations are only left with process manipulation as the only way of maintaining a competitive advantage. The steel making industry often relies on the use of technology in order to boost production processes; this is a symptom of cost leadership. One of the ways in which these companies have reduced production costs is through computer inventory systems, which ensure that no company resource goes to waste during manufacture. Steel makers also work hard to ensure that their purchasing, and sales management techniques are in order. This would ensure that they produce their goods at very low prices. The companies also struggle to improve economies of scale through joint ventures because the overall outcome is plain steel. Sometimes joint ventures may occur between firms within the same supply chain. In other words, vertical integration of suppliers and manufacturers often takes place in the steel industry. Companies that engage in these joint ventures aim at minimising the cost of acquiring raw materials like iron ore or steel shreds. The high capital investments in basic industries also explain why price wars are common in the industry. Since organisations invest so much in opening up their businesses, then they try as much as possible to cut down on costs. The same strategies in the steel industry are also applied in other industries such as aluminium, plastic or paper. Such organisations do not diversify their goods, so the only option available to them is the price alternative. Weaknesses of Porter’s generic model While Porter’s strategic model may have garnered wide application in a number of industries, reports also shows that some industries or organisations do not follow Porter’s recommendations to the le tter. It is possible for firms to become cost leaders through the use of differentiation. A case in point is the automobile industry. General Motors was recognised as a cost leader even during the same decade that Porter created the generic strategy model. However, consumer reports also indicate that the company’s large luxury vehicles were the preferred consumer brand between 1976 and 1982. Similarly, the organisation’s midsize compact category was also at the top of their list between 1977 and 1982 (Datta 1996). The compact and large luxury automobile was one of the most profitable car segments at the time. These findings illustrate that General Motors differentiated its product offerings despite being a cost leader. Its profitability came from its perfection of the two models and its pursuance of low prices. Some firms may pursue more than one generic strategy, albeit at a milder level with one of them. The latter assertions are supported by numerous studies; one su ch example was a research done by Chan and Wong (1999). The two authors sought to examine the relationship between the competitive strategies adopted by organisations in the banking sector and their performance. They found that companies with multi-strategy approaches were more financially successful than the ones who only chose on of Porter’s three generic strategies. Chan and Wong (1999) explained that these strategies were possible because those banks had ample resources to synergise seemingly incompatible generic strategies. The organisations achieved this feat because they had strong organisational capabilities. Most of their managers were committed to their companies and carefully analysed the relationship between business activities and the organisational system. Porter argued that firms may choose to pursue differentiation or cost leadership in order to garner success. He treats these two approaches in an equal manner and believes that they can both provide tangible r esults for companies that select them. However, some analysts have found that differentiation is a superior strategy to cost leadership. Customers and their perception of quality within a certain company make a company more competitively placed than a cost leader. This explains why many US-based firms in the electronics industry became bankrupt. They failed to innovate and paid minimal attention to the quality of their commodities. Differentiation is superior to cost leadership because it is more focused towards customer needs. These firms listen to their buyers and are keen on using technology or any other means needed to meet consumer needs. According to Porter, differentiation is not well suited to low cost. However, this statement may not always be true. Differentiation is often associated with high quality and value creation. Nonetheless, in an attempt to meet consumer demands through quality improvement, some companies may end up minimising costs, which may be passed on to con sumers through lower prices. For instance, in 1997, Toyota wanted to improve its Camry model by increasing its speed impact. However, after achieving that objective, the company found that the product had fewer parts and thus better performance (Krebs 1996). In the mobile phone industry, companies instated quality assurance procedures in order to boost mobile device performance. However, these quality processes, which were differentiation strategies, ended up reducing costs of the products. Therefore, differentiation and low costs may work hand in hand, contrary to Porter’s claims. Conclusion Porter’s generic strategies have an impact in numerous industries across the board. Most of these organisations tend to have low levels of differentiation and are relatively secure industries. However, other firms may challenge the assumptions in Porter’s model when they exist in dynamic industries such as international banking. References Bennet, R Cooper, R 1979, ‘ Beyond the marketing concept’. Business Horizons, June, p. 76-83. Bordean, O, Borza, A, Razvan, N, Catalina, M. 2010, ‘The use of Michael Porter’s generic strategies in the Romanian hotel industry’, International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance, vol. 1 no. 2, pp. 173-177, Chan, R Wong, Y 1999, ‘Bank generic strategies: does Porter’s theory apply in an international banking centre?’, International Business Review, vol. 8 no 5, pp. 561-590. Datta, Y 1996, ‘Market segmentation: An integrated framework’, Long Range Planning, vol. 29 no. 6, pp. 797-811. Krebs, M 1996, ‘1997 Toyota Camry: Indeed, less is more’ New York Times, 26 October, p.15. Lamont, B, Marlin, D, Hoffman, J 1993, ‘Porter’s generic strategies, discontinuous environments and performance: A longitudinal study of changing strategies in the hospital industry’, Health Services Research, vol. 25 no. 5, pp.623-64. Peters, K 2 008, ‘Generis strategies: A substitute for thinking?’ The Ashridge Journal, Spring, p. 1-5 Porter, M, 1980, Competitive strategy: Techniques for analysing industries and competitors, Free Press, New York. Torgovicky, R, Goldberg, A, Shvarts, S, Bar, D, Onn, E, Levi, Y, Bardayan, Y. 2005, ‘Application of Porter’s generic strategies in ambulatory healthcare: a comparison of managerial perceptions in two Israeli sick funds’, Healthcare Management Review, vol. 30 no. 1, pp 17-23. 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Socialism Essays

Socialism Essays Socialism Essay Socialism Essay Essay Topic: Communist Manifesto Katie KleinHistory 102Section 009Socialism is, and has been since its creation, a misunderstood political philosophy, especially in the capitalistic Western world. The common view of socialism by democracy and its supporters is that it suppresses the voice of the individual in order to create a uniform society where the weak (the poor) feed off the strong (the rich). In reality, Marx’s aim in his socialist philosophy is not in the transformation of the political constitution of society, nor the elimination of disparities between the social classes, but rather the ability of many to have control of his own destiny. This is outlined in Marx’s Communist Manifesto, which attributes the realization of this autonomous power only through the reformation of the previously mentioned societal agents. The exerpt in study is one from the autobiography of Ottillie Baader, a German socialist woman whos lived during the turn of the 20th century. The root of Baa der’s accordance with socialism lies in her experience as a laborer, who is slave to the industrial system, which pits employee against his employer, his fellow employee, and his familly member, and ultimately results in the complete discontent in one’s life amassed by the tremendous struggle to survive. The aim of Marxist socialism is the eradicate the very hardhsips experienced by Baader, and many other laborers, that make life seemingly not worth living. The exerpt specifically adresses Baader’s experience as a worker in the industrial market alongside growing technology and capitalism. She describes her working conditions as arduous and tiring, working 11 hours a day, with a small break for lunch, along side 100 other women operating a sewing machine in the exact same way (Baader Lines 26-28). This type of working condition is mentioned in the Manisfesto when Marx describes the montony and simplicity of such factory jobs, which make the worker â€Å"an appe ndage of the machine,† and causes him to lose all

Introduction and Overview to World War I

Introduction and Overview to World War I World War I was a major conflict fought in Europe and around the world between July 28, 1914, and November 11, 1918. Nations from across all non-polar continents were involved,  although Russia, Britain, France, Germany, and Austria-Hungary dominated.  Much of the war was characterized by stagnant trench warfare and massive loss of life in failed attacks; over eight million people were killed in battle. Belligerent Nations The war was fought by two main power blocks: the Entente Powers, or Allies, comprised of Russia, France, Britain (and later the U.S.), and their allies on one side and the Central Powers of Germany, Austro-Hungary, Turkey, and their allies on the other. Italy later joined the Entente. Many other countries played smaller parts on both sides. Origins  of World War I European politics in the early twentieth century were a dichotomy: many politicians thought war had been banished by progress while others, influenced partly by a fierce arms race, felt war was inevitable. In Germany, this belief went further: the war should happen sooner rather than later, while they still (as they believed) had an advantage over their perceived major enemy, Russia. As Russia and France were allied, Germany feared an attack from both sides.  To mitigate this threat, the Germans developed the Schlieffen Plan, a swift looping attack on France designed to knock it out early, allowing for concentration on Russia. Rising tensions culminated on June 28th, 1914 with the assassination of  Austro-Hungarian Archduke Franz Ferdinand  by a Serbian activist, an ally of Russia. Austro-Hungary asked for German support and was promised a blank cheque; they declared war on Serbia on July 28th. What followed was a sort of domino effect as more and more nations joined the fight. Russia mobilized to support Serbia, so Germany declared war on Russia; France then declared war on Germany. As German troops swung through Belgium into France days later, Britain declared war on Germany too. Declarations continued until much of Europe was at war with each other. There was widespread public support. World War I on Land After the swift German invasion of France was stopped at the Marne, the race to the sea followed as each side tried to outflank each other ever closer to the English Channel. This left the entire Western Front divided by over 400 miles of trenches, around which the war stagnated. Despite massive battles like Ypres, little progress was made and a battle of attrition emerged, caused partly by German intentions to bleed the French dry at Verdun and Britains attempts on the Somme. There was more movement on the Eastern Front with some major victories, but there was nothing decisive and the war carried on with high casualties. Attempts to find another route into their enemy’s territory led to the failed Allied invasion of Gallipoli, where Allied forces held a beachhead but were halted by fierce Turkish resistance. There was also conflict on the Italian front, the Balkans, the Middle East, and smaller struggles in colonial holdings where the warring powers bordered each other. World War I at Sea Although the build-up to war had included a naval arms race between Britain and Germany, the only large naval engagement of the conflict was the Battle of Jutland, where both sides claimed victory. Instead, the defining struggle involved submarines and the German decision to pursue Unrestricted Submarine Warfare (USW). This policy allowed submarines to attack any target they found, including those belonging to the neutral United States, which caused the latter to enter the war in 1917 on behalf of the Allies, supplying much-needed manpower. Victory Despite Austria-Hungary becoming little more than a German satellite, the Eastern Front was the first to be resolved, the war causing massive political and military instability in Russia, leading to the Revolutions of 1917, the emergence of socialist government and surrender on December 15. Efforts by the Germans to redirect manpower and take the offensive in the west failed and, on November 11, 1918 (at 11:00 am), faced with allied successes, massive disruption at home and the impending arrival of vast US manpower, Germany signed an Armistice, the last Central power to do so. Aftermath Each of the defeated nations signed a treaty with the Allies, most significantly the Treaty of Versailles which was signed with Germany, and which has been blamed for causing further disruption ever since. There was devastation across Europe: 59 million troops had been mobilized, over 8 million died and over 29 million were injured. Huge quantities of capital had been passed to the now emergent United States and the culture of every European nation was deeply affected and the struggle became known as The Great War or The War to End All Wars. Technical Innovation World War I  was the first to make major use of machine guns, which soon showed their defensive qualities. It was also the first to see poison gas used on the battlefields, a weapon which both sides made use of, and the first to see tanks, which were initially developed by the allies and later used to great success. The use of aircraft evolved from simply reconnaissance to a whole new form of aerial warfare. Modern View Thanks partly to a generation of war poets who recorded the horrors of the war and a generation of historians who castigated the Allied high command for their decisions and ‘waste of life’ (Allied soldiers being the Lions led by Donkeys), the war was generally viewed as a pointless tragedy. However, later generations of historians have found mileage in revising this view. While the Donkeys have always been ripe for recalibration, and careers built on provocation have always found material (such as Niall Fergusons The Pity of War), the centenary commemorations found historiography split between a phalanx wishing to create a new martial pride and sideline the worst of the war to create an image of a conflict well worth fighting and then truly won by the allies, and those who wished to stress the alarming and pointless imperial game millions of people died for. The war remains highly controversial and as subject to attack and defense as the newspapers of the day.

Conclusion on Private Equity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Conclusion on Private Equity - Essay Example After the buyouts, the private equity firms are able to manage the companies in to making profits, after which they are sold to other investors. The private equity firms do a financial refurbishment of the companies facing a crisis. The Private equity firms also rebuilt the financial structures so that the companies get the ability of becoming productive financially. The major aim of the private equity firms is to make substantial returns to investors and to make their profits from the capsizing companies (Cendrowski, 2011 p89). The Blackstone Group is firm that deals with private equity it is based in America in the New York state. The investment company has got interests in vital businesses across the world. Blackstone is one of the largest firms that deal in a leveraged buyout transactions. They also have an interest to the real estate sector more so the commercial real estate business. The company is able to buyout a failing company, restructure the management of the company, put in a few investors and then they are able to turn around the financial status of the company in remarkably little time. The firm will then take out profits in the form of commissions that are deducted for the management of the company, and they also charge a performance fee that they will use to quantify their profits. The Southern Cross Healthcare is among the top companies that provides healthcare to the United Kingdom community. The Southern Cross have specialized their health care to care for the elderly people and those suffering from mental health in the residential and long term nursing homes. The Southern Cross business is also specialized in offering health care services to people who are suffering from brain injuries, and psychiatric issues. The company owns more than one hundred and sixty homes. Southern Cross was faring well under the management of John Moreton until the buyout of West Private Equity and Health care investments came along. Blackstone acquired Southern C ross by a buyout that was done in 2004 for a tune of ?162 million. They operated more than one hundred and sixty two homes whereby a majority of the homes were leased. Blackstone then put down its management skills on Southern Cross and invested in the company to make it one of the best health care providers in the United Kingdom. They also managed to acquire the Nursing Home Properties which were put under Southern Cross; this increased the portfolio of Southern Cross and made the health care provider become the largest health care provider in the United Kingdom. Later in 2005, Blackstone also acquired the Ashbourne Group which they also included in to the portfolio of Southern Cross. This still increased the financial credibility of Southern Cross, and this was at the same time increasing the quality of the services that they were giving to the people. Blackstone acquired the Ashbourne group with the aim of increasing the quality of services to Southern Cross. So far, the manageme nt methods of Blackstone to Southern were being done correctly, and the company was raking massive profits to investors, and management of the company was also benefiting. Apart from the management and the investors benefiting, the society was getting value for their money in terms of the

Impact of decision-making in organizational performance Article

Impact of decision-making in organizational performance - Article Example From the research it can be comprehended that organizations in the modern world are complex, and many theories have been developed to explain what makes them work, and how to make them work even more effectively. A key element of organizational performance is the way that leaders make decisions, and then persuade all members of the organization to carry out these decisions in the way that is intended. The personal qualities, skills and style of a leader are all factors which can affect the way that an organization behaves. Leaders have an important role to play in any organization and they can influence the organizational performance because everyone in the organization is expected to follow the leader. Leaders should make sure that the subordinates do not only follow them but take inspiration from them. In this way there are high possibilities that employees of the organization will give maximum output and overall performance of the organization will be enhanced. Owing to the percei ved importance of the impact of leadership on performance of the organization, several research studies have been conducted in order to analyze what kinds of leadership exist, and whether there is a relationship between leadership and the organizational performance. This paper presents a critique of several recent articles on the relationship between leadership and organizational performance. ... arajan, Sonnenfeld and Srinivasan, 2006) analyzes organizational performance and identifies its relationship with the charismatic style of leaders, as well as environmental uncertainty. In addition to this, the research also identifies the perceptions of top team management about the charisma of a CEO. The authors emphasize the fact that leadership style and its impact on organizational performance has been one of the most important topics of today’s world as leaders have a key role to play in motivating everyone in the organization and ensuring that the organization performs at its optimum level. In this research article, information has been collected using both primary and secondary research methods in order to perform the analysis. In the primary research part of the article, questionnaires were filled by people in the top management as well as CEOs of different organizations to analyze the relationship between the variables discussed above. Because the article had a large sample size, 770 questionnaires were filled and returned and this means that the results shown by this research are likely to have high validity. There was a sample size of 128 CEOs from different companies and this breadth in the location of the participants is a strength of the study. Another major strength of this article is that the study analyzed organizational performance using different criteria like the return on assets, return on equity, sales growth, return on sales and stock return. These measures provide good empirical evidence on which to judge organizational performance whereas other studies previously conducted have not considered these criteria of measuring organizational performance. One of the major weaknesses of this research study is that it included only firms operating in

Drug Addiction In Pakistan Youths

Drug Addiction In Pakistan Youths Drug addiction is a state of periodic or constant intoxication produced by the repeated consumption of a drug. Its characteristics include Uncontrollable desire to continue taking the drugs, a tendency to increase the dose after interval of time, a psychological and physical dependence on drugs, effects of drugs on individual and society. Drug addiction is an abnormal condition which arises due to frequent drug use. The disorder of addiction involves the progression of sensitive drug use to the development of drug-seeking behavior, the openness to decline and the decreased, slowed ability to respond to naturally rewarding stimuli. Drug addiction is basically a chronic disease affecting the brain, heart and other parts of body. Youngster start taking drugs at their teen ages and the first step of addiction to drugs is smoking. Drugs affect different people in different ways. One person can take and abuse drugs, yet never become addicted, while another merely has one experience and is immediately hooked. It can be said that dugs addiction is just a state of mind. Drug addiction is often overshadowed by many of the countrys other human development problems, such as poverty, illiteracy, and lack of awareness and basic health care center. But the fact is that drug addiction is rapidly growing among the youth of Pakistan. Drug addiction is a complex brain disease. It is characterized by compulsive, at time uncontrollable, drug craving, seeking and use that persist even in the face of extremely negative consequences. Drug seeking becomes compulsive, in large part as a result of the effect of prolonged drug use on brain functioning and also on behavior. For many people, drugs addiction becomes chronic, with relapses possible even after long period of abstinence. I chose this topic because I think it is necessary for todays society which is taken over by the curse of drugs, mostly High School and university students are involved in it. It the main reason, today youth is distracted from their ambitions, and due to it today Pakistan, even after 63 years of independence, is 3rd world country. One of the reasons is that some people who want to quit but due to the lack of health care centre, they are unable to quit. Some people also involve in illegal activities to take drugs because they are not financially strong. This study will help us analyze the effects of drug addiction and will help us find better alternatives. Drug addiction is a state in which the body feel relax and comfortable. Drug addiction among youngsters is increasing day by day, which have a very negative effect on our society. Review of Literature This study help us to examine that individual who are addicted to drugs are viewed negatively overall in the society. This research indicate that negative attitude are clear among young generation and it gradually increase with the age, so that the literature review indicate that level and accuracy of knowledge about mental illness increase from childhood through adolescence, negative attitude in youth also raise with the passage of time. On the other hand, adolescence is often accompanied by peer pressure or by other recourses. According to the study, it is also found that current users Marijuana says that it is less dangerous than other drugs. The study show that drug addiction is found in males as well as females and this trend is gradually increasing especially in females, and it is also shown in the study that trend of drugs among adolescent is also increasing in urban and rural schools. Results show that age-stigma association is quite independent of sex and residence. It also shows one of a factor that who are addicted to drugs are due to their close friends or you can say due to bad company. This study shows the reasons and causes by which teenagers are motivated toward drugs. It show that who use drugs on a regular or occasionally are strongly supportive by personal choice due to lack of concentration from their parents and for enjoyment with their friends to eliminate their boredom. The reasons which are not using drugs in this study include lack of interest and fear from drugs and also from their parents and opposite reaction of their elders. The main purpose of this study is to emphasize the significance of parents in this regard. This research show the fact that increasing majority of children reported using drugs because they enjoyed them or they were bored and they want themselves to remain busy in some other alternative activities. The use of illegal drugs in children and teenagers are gradually increasing day by day. Result of this study showed that the main reason by which youth is motivating toward drugs is due to the peer pressure and their friends which were involved in such illegal activities. The other aspect to conduct this research was to finds the reasons that why some children do not use drugs. The first reason was lack of interest in the effects of drugs. Other main reasons included fear of immediate effect of substance, fear of physical and psychological harm and fear of becoming addicted to drugs. The finding and conclusion of this study is to get the reasons behind drug related decision especially in children and teenagers. Both who use drugs and who do not give lot of explanation and reasons. Children who do not use drugs reported that they are not involved in drugs are due to lack of interest in this activity, worries about the cost of getting caught by police or their parents. As we all know the health hazards of smoking. Everyone is familiar from this fact but this curse is rapidly increasing among youngster. The main objective of this study is to investigate the signs of tobacco use, smoking as well as snuffing, at the age when most of the young generation is diverted toward this curse. In this study, it is found that now a day, smoking is becoming very common in girls as well. Sweden has the highest frequency of smoking all over the world. It is found in the study that frequency of snuffing among teenagers has amplified since the early 1970s, whereas the graph of smoking has reduced slightly during last decade. The purpose of this research is to explore teenagers thinking of tobacco use, their shared ideas and images, how these design are reflected in their report about their own and other people tobacco use and also the ways understandings of tobacco use are related to the teenagers development of a gender identity. It is found in the study that smokin g cigarette offered males as well as females a short break from their daily routine and strains of family life. According to teenagers, smoking will ultimately lead to the break-down of the whole body. They also explain that invisible process inside the body, when smoking, will gradually be visible on the outside of the body. This research shows that youngsters think that snuffing has a positive effect as they increase their sports performance. But the fact is something else. Smoking and snuffing is just a mind satisfaction activity, as it affects lung and heart. On the other hand, it also affect externally like u see that the color of lip and teethes and even the color of face of smokers are also changed after a period of time. Some people are attracted to danger, and want to face risk, which is one of the reasons for them to start smoking. In addition, it is examined in the study that tobacco use is basically based on human nature. Smoking is a part of teenage lifestyle, such as b eing together with friends for hangout, parties etc. It is concluded from the analysis that now a days, new generation is well aware from all illegal activities such as, smoking, snuffing, drinking etc. This research paper shows the planned use of prescription drugs of intoxicating properties other than physicians description of specific drugs for intoxicating means or for bona fide medical condition, which is dangerous for human health. Research shows the rapidly increasing rate of abuse of such drug among youth, especially teenager. Such type of abuse of drugs is one of the biggest and main sources of drug addiction. In 2003, approximately 15 million US citizens were involved in using of prescription drugs for its intoxicating quality. For minimizing the rate of prescription drug misuse, government is making strategies to identify the early signs and effective clinical practices to prevent people from getting into it to avoid from massive problems in future. The most abundantly used drug in UK is Alcohol and teenagers use it more than the limit described for health which 21 and 14 units per week for males and female respectively. Those who are new to alcohol must use bellow the limit for the safe side. This study is about the relationship between excessive use of alcohol and its affect on human memory. It is identified from surveys among excessive use and low-dose user that those who use alcohol in excess amount face everyday memory errors than low-dose. Excessive use of alcohol has a direct relation on memory errors and neuropsychological deficits. Alcohol is very harmful for heart, liver and other sensitive parts of human body. The finding of this study is that use of substance is highly common among homeless and street-involved young people. Study confirmed that variables measuring psychological dysfunction and homeless culture predicted alcohol addiction, while institutional disaffiliation and homeless culture predicted drug addiction. Findings affirm distinct patterns of division related to alcohol compared to drug addiction. As homeless, street-involved young people continue to use drugs and alcohol as a strategy to cope with the various detrimental experiences associated with living on the streets, the result is often further societal estrangement. This study also show that engaging in criminal behaviors has been identified as an indicator of disaffiliation, especially among homeless population. Seeking drug-using friends and involvement in social networks that reinforce drug-related choices, attitudes and behaviors increases youths assimilation into homelessness culture. The purpose of this study was to determine whether domains of social estrangement are associated with homeless youths alcohol and drug addiction. Results show that specific domains of social estrangement do predict addiction, while others prevent from this activity. Purpose to conduct this study is to estimate the incidence rate of initiation into drug injection and to identify predictors of initiation into drug injection separately among street girls and boys. This research show that that injected drugs are rapidly increasing day by day in street youth of Northern America and Canada. This situation represents a significant public health issue as young injection drug users are known to be the population at highest risk for HIV and HCV infections. This is the first study to measure incidence rates of initiation into drug injection by gender among youth at risk. Observed incidence rates are similar for boys and girls, results found having no association between gender and having ever injected drugs. In a study of young Canadian offenders, more girls aged 16-19 injected than their male counterparts of the same age. In this study, it is noticeable that girls were more likely to report having started injection using heroin while more boys reported ha ving used cocaine as their first drug of injection. Results show that recent heroin use and recent cocaine use respectively tripled and doubled the risk of initiation for both girls and boys. Objective of this study is to observe social contexts and processes influencing evolution to drug injection among street youth. This study show that some combinations of street life and drug use trajectories seem to contribute to injection among street youth. This study clearly shows the pertinence of examining how drug use practices are influenced by the individuals relations with their social environments. This study is the first qualitative investigation of the social processes that lead street youth to adopt drug injection. One of main finding is that the manner in which drug injection inserts itself into a youths life trajectory varies depending on when youth come into contact with the street, as well as their relations with the street scene and drug use. In this respect, it should be pointed out how diverse the trajectories of street youth are. While it is not possible to state with certainty that a youth will never inject drugs, it appears that certain youth have trajectories that are more prone to injection drug use than others. This study is conducted on street youth on adolescent and young adults who spend their most time living and working on the streets. This socially and economically disadvantaged population is marked by perilous living conditions, including poverty, homelessness, and drug use. In study of homeless youth, the odds of an earlier suicide attempt were nearly four times greater among youth with an active diagnosis of depression, and nearly two times greater among youth who reported symptoms of hopelessness. In addition, depression is associated with high-risk behaviors, such as injection drug use and unprotected sexual intercourse that predispose youth to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. HIV infection is itself a well recognized risk factor for mortality among street youth. We observed a very high frequency of depressive symptoms among street youth, with more than four in 10 street youth reporting CES-D score _22. The greatest number of depressive symptoms was observed among we ekly heroin users, followed by weekly crystal methamphetamine users, then weekly cocaine/crack users, and finally, daily marijuana users. The research paper was on the impact of maternal alcohol and illicit drug use on childrens behavior problem and the objective of this study is to use a large, national sampling of mothers and children to test for evidence of casual relationship between maternal alcohol, marijuana and cocaine use and its effects on childrens health problem. This study provides some evidence that maternal substance use may be linked causally to childrens behavior problems. Although TSLS results are challenging due to the poor performance of the identifying instruments, OLS models, family fixed-effects models, and mother-child fixed-effects models all suggest that maternal marijuana and cocaine use are associated with increases in 4-15-year-old childrens BPI scores. Maternal alcohol use, as measured by the number of days the mother used alcohol in the past month, appears to affect behavior problems. This result is sensitive, however, to the addition of maternal depression and smoking measures. Moreover, the magnitude of this effect is very small, and maternal indulge drinking had no constant impact on childrens behavior problem. This study is about the depression and participation of youth in selling and use of illicit drugs. The argument starts with the theory that drug selling and drug use augment each other, both at the individual level and at the aggregate level. For example, someone who sells drugs has relatively cheap access to drugs. And, someone who uses drugs may sell to help finance his/her use. The conceptual framework postulates that a recession would have direct positive effects on the prevalence of youth drug selling but ambiguous direct effects on youth drug use. The conceptual framework also postulates that drug selling and drug use are inter-connected at the individual level and the cumulative level. Thus, any effect of a recession on one would likely affect the other in the same direction. The limited empirical evidence indicates that both drug selling and drug use among youth is higher when the economy is weaker. The current economic crisis will likely increase both youth drug selling and drug use relative to what they would have otherwise been. As we all are familiar that humans are routinely exposed to a vast array of environmental neurotoxicants, including pesticides, endocrine disrupters, and heavy metals. The long term consequences of exposure have become a major human health concern as research has indicated strong associations between neurotoxicants and a variety of dopamine-related neurological disorders. This study was conducted to know the effects of environmental neurotoxicants on the dopaminergic system and the possible role in drug addiction. A large variety of studies have demonstrated that a vast assortment of environmental neurotoxicants have deleterious effects on the dopaminergic system, consequently enhancing or impairing DA neurotransmission and disrupting DA-associated behaviors including motor control, motivation and attention, and potentially, vulnerability to drug addiction. Pesticides and insecticides, such as dihedron, parquet, and rotenone, tend to decrease DA activity and can lead to diseases such as PD, which are characterized by dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Studies appear to express a link between environmental neurotoxicity exposure and drug addiction although much work needs to be done to further identify and characterize the underlying mechanism involved. Bupropion is an effective medication in smoking cessation and has a good safety and side effect profile. The effects of bupropion on extracellular dopamine levels in the striatum were investigated using raclopride positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in rats administered saline, bupropion and in healthy human volunteers administered. A cognitive task was used to stimulate dopamine release in the human study. In rats, bupropion significantly decreased raclopride specific binding in the striatum, consistent with increases in extracellular dopamine concentrations. In man, no significant decreases in striatal raclopride specific binding were observed. Levels of dopamine transporter occupancy in the rat at bupropion were higher than predicted to occur in man at the dose used. Thus, these data indicate that, at the low levels of dopamine transporter occupancy achieved in man at clinical doses, bupropion does not increase extracellular dopamine levels. These findings have important im plications for understanding the mechanism of action underlying bupropions therapeutic efficacy and for the development of novel treatments for addiction and depression. For a long period of time, China implemented restraining drug policies to cope with drug-related problems but on the other hand, the situation of drug addiction has rapidly worsened since the early 1990s. For example, the number of registered illicit drug users in the country increased from approximately 70,000 in 1990 to 1.16 million by the end of 2005. This paper is projected to intricate on the general principles of Chinas latest Drug Control Law from the point of view of scholars who are involved in the field of drug addiction research and treatment in China. This paper also discussed the challenges we are currently facing, based on the observations and practical experiences the authors have obtained in China. It is hoped that by addressing these issues, we will be able to implement the new Drug Control Law more successfully and ensure that we deal more effectively with drug addiction in China. Methodology: This drug addiction survey is based on questionnaire from age (12 to 19) years, which is derived from 2005 cycle of Ontario student drug use survey. This research is conducted through questionnaire as mentioned above and the items of questionnaire are (1) Would you be afraid to talk or interact someone who is addicted to drugs. (2) Would you make friend someone who is addicted to drugs? (3) Would you feel embarrassed or ashamed if your friend knew that someone in your family was addicted to drugs? In this research, Ordinary least square regression is used to oversee and examine the relationship between age, sex, urban city, individuals and peer groups. Quadratic and linear age terms are included in this model. In this methodology, age variables were centered in order to reduce the correlation between the linear and quadratic term and interaction term. The data on which this study is based was collected under large study of pre-teenagers and schoolchildrens attitude and behavior toward illegal drugs and their experience. This research had both quantitative and qualitative components Data is basically collected by the survey which depends on questionnaire. Data is also gathered by interviews of individual to understand the thoughts and perception about drugs in children. Basically, the sample of this study is school in Glasgow and Newcastle. The quantitative element consisted of a survey of 2382 between ten to twelve year old children in 47 schools of Glasgow. To capture teenagers concepts of tobacco use, a qualitative approach with focused group interview was conducted for this research. Group discussion is the most useful and helpful way of sampling. The sample on which the research is conducted with 43 ninth grade students having age between 14 to 15 years old at two schools in inner Stockholm. Interviews are based on eight themes those are; (1) health and tobacco use, (2) the age limit of tobacco purchase, (3) school and tobacco use, (4) media and tobacco use, (5) the aesthetics of tobacco use (6) the pointless tobacco use, (7) presentation of self, peers and adults as tobacco-users, (8) presentation of self and peers who do not use tobacco. The majority of the 25 non-tobacco-users had tried smoking earlier, 12 boys and one girl had tried snuffing. Among the 18 tobacco users more girls than boys use tobacco on a daily basis. This research is conducted with the help of scientific questions. In this study, group discussion and interview are also conducted to read the state of minds of drug user that how these drugs affect their health and brain. Scientific questions highlights the need for research into the effects of prescription drugs on the developing brain, using both vitro and vivo models. Sample of this research is teenagers of United States. In this study, existing -groups design was adopted to compare existing groups of excessive alcohol users and low dose user. The sample on which this research is conducted is the students of colleges and universities of North-East of England and each participant was tested individually at their respective college and university. Forty-five participants were identified as excessive alcohol users having 28 females, 17 males, mean age of the participants is 17 years. Sixty-three were identified as low-dose/no-alcohol users having 41 females, 22 males and mean age is 16 years. Alcohol and other drug use were assessed using Recreational Drug Use Questionnaire. Prospective memory Questionnaire (PMQ) was administered first, followed by the drug-use questionnaire and the whole testing time per participant was approximately 25 minutes. Sample selected to conduct this research is three U.S. cities are Los Angeles, CA; Austin, TX and St. Louis, MO. Participate in the study, had to be 18-24 years old, have spent at least 2 weeks away from home in the month before the interview, and provide written informed consent. The dependent variable for the current study reflected alcohol or drug addiction as measured by the Mini International Neuropsychiatry Interview. Addiction to alcohol and various substances was measured by participant responses to a series of yes/no questions that identified those meeting criteria for abuse or dependence. Analyses were performed using SPSS, version 16 with statistical significance. In this study, chi-square, t-test and regression model is also used as a methodology. Data were collected using semi-annual interviewer-administered questionnaires. Variables from the following domains were considered in Cox regression models: socio-demographic characteristics, early and current substance abuse, marginalization, childhood traumatic sexual events and injection exposure. The sample on which this research is conducted is some specific areas of North America, Canada, Baltimore and Thailand. In this 95% confidence intervals were based on the Poisson distribution. Unvaried and multivariate Cox regression models with time-varying covariates were used to examine predictors of initiation into drug injection. The sample for this study is 42 street youth who participated in in-depth interviews. A typology of experiences was built founded on youths street life and drug use trajectories. The transition to drug injection was examined through these experiences. This research is conducted by a qualitative study grounded in symbolic interactions, a theoretical perspective through which, to understand the evolution of human behaviors, subjects are considered as creative social actors in their world. The study sample was composed of 42 street youth aged 15-25 years. 16 participants were girls, and 26 were boys. At the time of the interview, 17 of them had never injected drugs. Of the remaining 25 who had injected drugs, 8 had tried injection without pursuing it further, 8 had stopped after having injected regularly, and 9 were actively injecting, 1 of whom had been doing so for less than a year. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted in this research plan. This study was conducted between October 2005 and November 2007, data were collected from a cohort of street recruited youth aged 14-26 residing in Vancouver, Canada, for the At-Risk Youth Study. Active drug users were classified by predominant substance of use: daily marijuana use, weekly cocaine/crack use, weekly crystal methamphetamine use, or weekly heroin use. Adjusted mean number of depressive symptoms (measured by the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression [CES-D] scale) was compared among the four groups using multiple linear regressions. Logistic regression was also used to assess adjusted odds of CES-D score _22. In this research paper, the child mental health production function is represented empirically by Equation. BP Iijt = ÃŽ ±0 + ÃŽ ±1Ajt + ÃŽ ±2Xit + ÃŽ ±3Xjt + ÃŽ ±4ui + ÃŽ ±5uj + ÃŽ µijt. The other equation for maternal demand for substances like alochal is: Ajt = ÃŽ ²0 + ÃŽ ²1Pt + ÃŽ ²2Yjt + ÃŽ ²3uj + ωjt. Bupropion administration was calculated as: Occupancy  ¼ SBRvehicle−SBRbupropion h I =SBRvehicle 100 Ten healthy participants were recruited by public advertisement (80% male; 90% right handed; average age: 47 ±6.7 years; age range 37-58 years). Nine of the 10 subjects were nonsmokers; the single participant who smoked consumed ∠¼10 cigarettes/day. None of the participants were currently taking any prescribed medication. All participants gave their written, informed consent to be included in the study.

For Using Irregular Verbs Understand the Problem

R U L E S For Using Irregular Verbs Understand the problem. All verbs, whether regular or irregular, have five forms [often called principal parts]. These forms are the infinitive, simple present, simple past, past participle, and present participle. The difference between a regular and an irregular verb is the formation of the simple past and past participle. Regular verbs are dependably consistent—the simple past ends in ed as does the past participle. Check out this chart. Infinitive to laugh to start to wash to wink Simple Present laugh(s) start(s) wash(es) wink(s) Simple Past laughed started washed winked Past Participle laughed started washed winked Present Participle laughing starting washing winking Irregular verbs, on the other hand, can end in a variety of ways, with absolutely no consistent pattern. Here are some examples: Infinitive to drive to feel to put to swim Simple Present drive(s) feel(s) put(s) swim(s) Simple Past drove felt put swam Past Participle driven felt put swum Present Participle driving feeling putting swimming Writers make two frequent errors with irregular verbs: either adding an incorrect ed to the end of an irregular verb or accidentally interchanging the simple past and past participle. Read this sentence: Olivia feeled like exercising yesterday, so she putted on her bathing suit and drived to the YMCA, where she swum so far that only an extra large pepperoni pizza would satisfy her hunger. What are the problems with this sentence? First, feeled should be felt. Next, putted needs to be put. The correct past tense form of drive is drove. And we must change swum to swam. Know the solution. To avoid making mistakes with irregular verbs, learn the very long chart below. Infinitive to arise to awake to be to bear to beat to become to begin to bend to bet to bid (to offer) to bid (to command) to bind to bite to blow to break to bring to build to burst to buy to cast to catch to choose to cling o come to cost to creep to cut to deal to dig to dive to do to draw to drink to drive to eat to fall to feed to feel to fight to find to flee Simple Present arise(s) awake(s) am, is, are bear(s) beat(s) become(s) begin(s) bend(s) bet(s) bid(s) bid(s) bind(s) bite(s) blow(s) break(s) bring(s) build(s) burst(s) buy(s) cast(s) catch(es) choose(s) cling(s) come(s) cost(s) creep(s) cut(s) deal(s) dig(s) dive(s) do(es) draw(s) drink(s) drive(s) eat(s) fall(s) feed(s) feel(s) fight(s) find(s) flee(s) Simple Past arose Past Participle arisen awaked or awoke or awaked awoken was, were been bore borne or born beat beaten became become began begun bent bent bet bet bid bid bade bound bit blew broke brought built burst bought cast caught chose clung came cost crept cut dealt dug dived or dove did drew drank drove ate fell fed felt fought found fled bidden bound bitten or bit blown broken brought built burst bought cast caught chosen clung come cost crept cut dealt dug dived done drawn drunk driven eaten fallen fed felt fought found fled Present Participle arising awaking being bearing beating becoming beginning bending betting bidding bidding binding biting blowing breaking bringing building bursting buying casting catching choosing clinging coming costing creeping cutting dealing digging diving doing drawing drinking driving eating falling feeding feeling fighting finding fleeing Infinitive to fling to fly to forbid to forget to forgive to forsake to freeze to get to give to go to grow to hang (to suspend) to have to hear to hide to hit to hurt to keep to know to lay to lead to leap to leave to lend to let to lie (to rest or recline) to light to lose to make to mean to pay to prove to quit to read to rid to ride to ring to rise to run Simple Present fling(s) flies, fly forbid(s) forget(s) forgive(s) forsake(s) freeze(s) get(s) give(s) go(es) grow(s) hang(s) has, have hear(s) hide(s) hit(s) hurt(s) keep(s) know(s) lay(s) lead(s) leap(s) leave(s) lend(s) let(s) lie(s) light(s) lose(s) make(s) mean(s) pay(s) prove(s) quit(s) read(s) rid(s) ride(s) ring(s) rise(s) run(s) Simple Past Past Participle lung flung flew flown forbade or forbad forbidden forgotten or forgot forgot forgave forgiven forsook forsaken froze frozen got got or gotten gave given went gone grew grown hung had heard hid hit hurt kept knew laid led leaped or leapt left lent let lay lighted or lit lost made meant paid proved quit read rid rode rang rose ran hung had heard hidden hit hurt kept known laid led leaped or leapt left lent let lain lighted or lit lost made meant paid proved or proven quit read rid ridden rung risen run Present Participle flinging flying forbidding forgetting forgiving forsaking freezing getting giving going growing hanging having hearing hiding hitting hurting keeping knowing laying leading leaping leaving lending letting lying lighting losing making meaning paying proving quitting reading ridding riding ringing rising running Infinitive to say to see to seek to send to set to shake to shine (to glow) to shoot to show to shrink to sing to sink to sit to slay to sleep to sling to sneak to speak to spend to spin to spring to stand to steal to sting to stink to stride to strike to strive to swear to sweep to swim to swing to take to teach to tear to tell to think to throw to understand to wake Simple Present say(s) see(s) seek(s) send(s) set(s) shake(s) shine(s) shoot(s) show(s) shrink(s) sing(s) sink(s) sit(s) slay(s) sleep(s) sling(s) sneak(s) speak(s) spend(s) spin(s) spring(s) stand(s) steal(s) sting(s) stink(s) stride(s) strike(s) strive(s) swear(s) sweep(s) swim(s) swing(s) take(s) teach(es) tear(s) tell(s) think(s) throw(s) understand(s) wake(s) Simple Past said saw sought sent set shook shone shot showed shrank sang sank or sunk sat slew slept slung sneaked or snuck spoke spent spun sprang or sprung stood stole stung stank or stunk strode struck strove swore swept swam swung took taught tore told thought threw understood woke or waked Past Participle said seen sought sent set shaken shone Present Participle saying seeing seeking sending setting shaking shining hot shooting shown or showed showing shrunk shrinking sung singing sunk sinking sat sitting slain slaying slept sleeping slung slinging sneaked or sneaking snuck spoken speaking spent spending spun spinning sprung springing stood standing stolen stealing stung stinging stunk stinking stridden striding struck striking striven striving sworn swearing swept sweeping swum swimming swung swinging taken taking taught teaching torn tearing told telling thought thinking thrown throwing understood understanding waked or woken waking Infinitive to wear to wring to write Simple Present wear(s) wring(s) write(s) Simple Past wore wrung wrote Past Participle worn wrung written Present Participle wearing wringing writing In addition to learning the chart above, you must also understand the difference between the simple past and past participle. A simple past tense verb always has just one part. You need no auxiliary verb to form this tense. Look at these examples: Because dinner time was near, my dog Oreo bit the spine of Moby Dick and pulled the novel off of my lap. Because Denise had ignored bills for so long, she wrote out checks for an hour straight. Despite the noise, jolts, and jerks, Alex slept so soundly on the city bus that he missed his stop. Many multipart verbs, however, require the past participle after one or more auxiliary verbs. Read these sentences: Raymond had bitten into the muffin before Charise mentioned that it was her infamous chocolate-broccoli variety. had = auxiliary verb; bitten = past participle Once Woody has written his essay for Mr. Stover, he plans to reward himself with a packet of Twinkies. has = auxiliary verb; written = past participle Cynthia might have slept better if she hadn't watched The Nightmare on Elm Street marathon on HBO. ight, have = auxiliary verbs; slept = past participle For regular verbs, knowing the distinction between the simple past and past participle is unnecessary because both are identical. Check out these two sentences: Diane giggled as her beagle Reliable pushed his cold wet nose into her stomach, searching for cookie crumbs. giggled = simple past Until the disapproving Mrs . Wittman elbowed Latoya in the ribs, the young girl had giggled without stop at the toilet paper streamer attached to Principal Clemens’s shoe. ad = auxiliary verb; giggled = past participle When you choose an irregular verb for a sentence, however, the simple past and past participle are often different, so you must know the distinction. Here are two examples: Essie drove so cautiously that traffic piled up behind her, causing angry drivers to honk their horns and shout obscenities. drove = simple past Essie might have driven faster if she hadn't forgotten her glasses and saw more than big colored blurs through the windshield. might, have = auxiliary verbs; driven = past participle In addition, past participles can function as adjectives in sentences, describing other words. When you use a past participle in this manner, you must choose the correct form. Read these sentences: The calculus exams given by Dr. Ribley are so difficult that his students believe their brains will burst. Delores discovered the stolen bologna under the sofa, guarded fiercely by Max, her Chihuahua. The written reprimand so shamed poor Pablo that he promised his boss never to throw another scoop of ice cream at a customer again. Remember that you can always consult a dictionary when you have a question about the correct form of an irregular verb. Â ©1997 – 2010 by Robin L. Simmons All Rights Reserved.